1 00:00:22,419 --> 00:00:20,169 now we would like to move into one of 2 00:00:26,370 --> 00:00:22,429 the topics for the aerospace world its 3 00:00:30,220 --> 00:00:26,380 major the major one Ribbit's Ribbit's 4 00:00:31,810 --> 00:00:30,230 are relatively low-cost permanently 5 00:00:34,930 --> 00:00:31,820 installed fasteners that are lighter 6 00:00:36,640 --> 00:00:34,940 weight than bolts they are interference 7 00:00:38,950 --> 00:00:36,650 fit which makes them a lot different 8 00:00:40,840 --> 00:00:38,960 from bolts when you analyze them or put 9 00:00:43,990 --> 00:00:40,850 them in combination with other fasteners 10 00:00:46,030 --> 00:00:44,000 and rivet installation is faster than 11 00:00:49,349 --> 00:00:46,040 bolt installation because it can be done 12 00:00:52,330 --> 00:00:49,359 in a lot of cases with automatic tools 13 00:00:54,520 --> 00:00:52,340 ribbits worked the best in thin sheet 14 00:00:57,759 --> 00:00:54,530 designs where shear is the dominant load 15 00:01:02,369 --> 00:00:57,769 since a rivet really does not have very 16 00:01:06,910 --> 00:01:02,379 good tensile properties tensile capacity 17 00:01:12,070 --> 00:01:06,920 the rivets should also be designed to be 18 00:01:15,430 --> 00:01:12,080 critical in bearing since you are 19 00:01:18,249 --> 00:01:15,440 normally considering them as a big 20 00:01:20,589 --> 00:01:18,259 pattern of fasteners holding a load so 21 00:01:22,270 --> 00:01:20,599 since they have to work together they 22 00:01:25,930 --> 00:01:22,280 need to be bearing critical so they can 23 00:01:29,199 --> 00:01:25,940 distribute the loads properly the longer 24 00:01:31,029 --> 00:01:29,209 the grip length of a rivet or that is 25 00:01:33,940 --> 00:01:31,039 the total thickness of sheets being 26 00:01:36,510 --> 00:01:33,950 joined the more difficult it becomes to 27 00:01:39,219 --> 00:01:36,520 lock the rivet because you're trying to 28 00:01:42,279 --> 00:01:39,229 compress all these sheets and sometimes 29 00:01:47,920 --> 00:01:42,289 it's difficult to get them drawn up 30 00:01:53,000 --> 00:01:50,570 now even though rivets are designed with 31 00:01:56,180 --> 00:01:53,010 an interference fit they're not airtight 32 00:01:57,980 --> 00:01:56,190 or watertight so if you want to seal a 33 00:02:02,480 --> 00:01:57,990 joint you have to apply some type of 34 00:02:04,700 --> 00:02:02,490 sealant to the joint around the rivets 35 00:02:06,469 --> 00:02:04,710 and here's another very important 36 00:02:09,380 --> 00:02:06,479 feature since rivets are permanently 37 00:02:11,570 --> 00:02:09,390 installed they have to be removed by 38 00:02:13,880 --> 00:02:11,580 drilling or punching them out and 39 00:02:17,630 --> 00:02:13,890 replace them with oversized rivets and 40 00:02:19,970 --> 00:02:17,640 this is a real laborious task from the 41 00:02:22,960 --> 00:02:19,980 standpoint of both getting the old rivet 42 00:02:27,080 --> 00:02:22,970 out without screwing up the hold where 43 00:02:29,420 --> 00:02:27,090 it's impossible to install another rivet 44 00:02:31,610 --> 00:02:29,430 in it without going to a much larger 45 00:02:33,800 --> 00:02:31,620 size which might get you in trouble an 46 00:02:37,610 --> 00:02:33,810 edge distance and spacing and that type 47 00:02:41,900 --> 00:02:37,620 of thing rivet materials are made of 48 00:02:44,930 --> 00:02:41,910 various carbon steels corrosion 49 00:02:48,500 --> 00:02:44,940 resistant steel brass aluminum Monello 50 00:02:50,810 --> 00:02:48,510 titanium and they have to be ductile 51 00:02:54,680 --> 00:02:50,820 enough that you can form a head on them 52 00:02:57,740 --> 00:02:54,690 without cracking so you need a high 53 00:02:59,630 --> 00:02:57,750 strength so it is a kind of a balancing 54 00:03:02,770 --> 00:02:59,640 act to try to get one that's ductile 55 00:03:06,229 --> 00:03:02,780 enough to form but on the other hand 56 00:03:08,990 --> 00:03:06,239 will have a high enough strength to give 57 00:03:14,170 --> 00:03:09,000 you the load carrying capacity that you 58 00:03:16,759 --> 00:03:14,180 want now in the table 13 of course is a 59 00:03:20,600 --> 00:03:16,769 list of some of the aerospace materials 60 00:03:22,340 --> 00:03:20,610 and some of these rivets contain more 61 00:03:26,330 --> 00:03:22,350 than one material that can actually come 62 00:03:30,830 --> 00:03:26,340 up with a hybrid rivet and use a softer 63 00:03:32,539 --> 00:03:30,840 material for the shop head so that you 64 00:03:36,680 --> 00:03:32,549 can buck the thing in place and still 65 00:03:41,540 --> 00:03:39,320 here is a list of the common ones of 66 00:03:45,220 --> 00:03:41,550 course the the aircraft industry uses a 67 00:03:49,400 --> 00:03:45,230 lot of the abs and DD is which are the 68 00:03:53,810 --> 00:03:49,410 ms-20 four to six and two oh four seven 69 00:03:58,820 --> 00:03:53,820 ho the the ADEs are used normally up to 70 00:04:04,330 --> 00:03:58,830 a 5/32 diameter and they can be readily 71 00:04:07,670 --> 00:04:04,340 formed at room temperature the the d DS 72 00:04:10,210 --> 00:04:07,680 there if they're made out of 2024 they 73 00:04:13,550 --> 00:04:10,220 have to be kept in an icebox until 74 00:04:15,110 --> 00:04:13,560 you're ready to install them because you 75 00:04:16,760 --> 00:04:15,120 can only cold work them when they're 76 00:04:19,490 --> 00:04:16,770 down around zero degrees without 77 00:04:21,740 --> 00:04:19,500 cracking them eleven hundred aluminum 78 00:04:24,230 --> 00:04:21,750 that's usually non structural a fifty 79 00:04:28,640 --> 00:04:24,240 fifty six is a special one in this 80 00:04:32,060 --> 00:04:28,650 respect they're still used some people 81 00:04:34,910 --> 00:04:32,070 are not aware I don't think that they 82 00:04:36,860 --> 00:04:34,920 are stress corrosion sensitive and they 83 00:04:41,140 --> 00:04:36,870 really should not be used in anything 84 00:04:44,720 --> 00:04:41,150 other than a magnesium joint where 85 00:04:47,870 --> 00:04:44,730 magnesium is more stress corrosion 86 00:04:51,920 --> 00:04:47,880 sensitive than the 50:56 so therefore 87 00:04:54,320 --> 00:04:51,930 the 50:56 will work out better we had a 88 00:04:56,780 --> 00:04:54,330 case on the Atlas vehicle with fifty 89 00:04:58,460 --> 00:04:56,790 fifty six rivets in which the heads were 90 00:05:02,420 --> 00:04:58,470 popping off with the things that on the 91 00:05:06,220 --> 00:05:02,430 pad but from stress corrosion so they 92 00:05:12,140 --> 00:05:06,230 should not be used in most applications 93 00:05:15,380 --> 00:05:12,150 now which is a 67 percent nickel and 94 00:05:17,540 --> 00:05:15,390 thirty percent copper material is used a 95 00:05:21,200 --> 00:05:17,550 lot for rivets because it is ductile and 96 00:05:23,330 --> 00:05:21,210 yet it is higher strength than aluminum 97 00:05:26,630 --> 00:05:23,340 and it's used for joining us stainless 98 00:05:28,060 --> 00:05:26,640 steels titanium and canals copper is 99 00:05:33,590 --> 00:05:28,070 usually used for non structural 100 00:05:35,090 --> 00:05:33,600 applications the 70 50 T 73 that's the 101 00:05:39,950 --> 00:05:35,100 one that is not sensitive to stress 102 00:05:41,840 --> 00:05:39,960 corrosion is used it can be installed at 103 00:05:47,690 --> 00:05:41,850 room temperature and it's used as an 104 00:05:50,070 --> 00:05:47,700 alternate to the 2024 ice box rivet it 105 00:05:52,409 --> 00:05:50,080 has almost as good as strength as 106 00:05:54,140 --> 00:05:52,419 the 2024 and yet you don't have to worry 107 00:06:12,110 --> 00:05:54,150 about carrying them around in an icebox 108 00:06:19,619 --> 00:06:16,589 Jimmy go ahead all right we move on then 109 00:06:23,490 --> 00:06:19,629 now that we got the microphone hooked up 110 00:06:26,010 --> 00:06:23,500 properly we will move on to the head 111 00:06:28,800 --> 00:06:26,020 types of Ribbit's now here are some of 112 00:06:30,540 --> 00:06:28,810 the common head types that are used this 113 00:06:33,180 --> 00:06:30,550 is not to say that somebody else can 114 00:06:35,159 --> 00:06:33,190 have a one of their own because one of 115 00:06:39,290 --> 00:06:35,169 the things that you find as different 116 00:06:44,070 --> 00:06:39,300 manufacturers have their own ideas on 117 00:06:48,649 --> 00:06:44,080 how to manufacture fasteners and so it 118 00:06:55,439 --> 00:06:52,619 here is the the common ones of course or 119 00:06:58,529 --> 00:06:55,449 the countersunk or flesh head are and 120 00:07:02,790 --> 00:06:58,539 here is the flat that is used a lot now 121 00:07:04,860 --> 00:07:02,800 of course if on the planes that the jet 122 00:07:07,980 --> 00:07:04,870 planes normally have to have the flight 123 00:07:10,740 --> 00:07:07,990 ribbits some of the older ones I know we 124 00:07:14,159 --> 00:07:10,750 have a an old twin otter here I believe 125 00:07:16,709 --> 00:07:14,169 that has the button head or flat head 126 00:07:19,260 --> 00:07:16,719 rivets on it because it doesn't fly fast 127 00:07:21,860 --> 00:07:19,270 enough to for the Greg to be that much 128 00:07:25,980 --> 00:07:21,870 of a problem with the protruding rivets 129 00:07:29,879 --> 00:07:25,990 moving on to the solid rivets which are 130 00:07:35,149 --> 00:07:29,889 the ones usually used on skin 131 00:07:38,760 --> 00:07:35,159 construction on airplanes they're a 132 00:07:42,200 --> 00:07:38,770 little bit different from some of the 133 00:07:45,959 --> 00:07:42,210 others so we'll cover them separately 134 00:07:50,939 --> 00:07:45,969 here are the ones for construction and 135 00:07:53,790 --> 00:07:50,949 and that is almost a thing of the past 136 00:07:57,180 --> 00:07:53,800 using construction construction rivets 137 00:07:59,420 --> 00:07:57,190 because welding has pretty much replaced 138 00:08:03,930 --> 00:07:59,430 riveting in the construction industry 139 00:08:05,640 --> 00:08:03,940 but anyway for the construction type 140 00:08:08,220 --> 00:08:05,650 but they're usually larger diameters 141 00:08:10,770 --> 00:08:08,230 5/16 through two inches and are made of 142 00:08:13,560 --> 00:08:10,780 steel and they can't be installed coals 143 00:08:18,510 --> 00:08:13,570 so they have to be preheated about 1,800 144 00:08:23,610 --> 00:08:18,520 degrees now in the past all the bridges 145 00:08:26,790 --> 00:08:23,620 that you saw had riveted lattice bars on 146 00:08:30,810 --> 00:08:26,800 them in the old days you used four 147 00:08:33,990 --> 00:08:30,820 angles and lattice bars to make your 148 00:08:38,480 --> 00:08:34,000 main trust members for a through tres 149 00:08:41,149 --> 00:08:38,490 tape bridge and the portal bracing on 150 00:08:45,180 --> 00:08:41,159 across the top that's the part that 151 00:08:50,190 --> 00:08:45,190 holds the two trusses together as a unit 152 00:08:52,800 --> 00:08:50,200 was also riveted but on the newer 153 00:08:56,300 --> 00:08:52,810 designs they use welded girders for that 154 00:09:01,140 --> 00:08:56,310 so riveting is pretty much going out 155 00:09:03,240 --> 00:09:01,150 with the times because of the labor cost 156 00:09:06,300 --> 00:09:03,250 now if you're interested in construction 157 00:09:12,090 --> 00:09:06,310 rivets they're still in ASTM spec ASTM a 158 00:09:14,340 --> 00:09:12,100 502 covers construction rivets now for 159 00:09:17,660 --> 00:09:14,350 aerospace usage of course you're talking 160 00:09:22,890 --> 00:09:17,670 about small diameters here like 1/8 161 00:09:25,950 --> 00:09:22,900 through a quarter of an inch and if you 162 00:09:29,070 --> 00:09:25,960 remember on the drawings where you have 163 00:09:32,070 --> 00:09:29,080 the ad like an ad 5 or something like 164 00:09:33,780 --> 00:09:32,080 that called out with the little little X 165 00:09:36,120 --> 00:09:33,790 it has the ad on the left-hand corner 166 00:09:42,570 --> 00:09:36,130 and a 5 on the right-hand corner that is 167 00:09:47,700 --> 00:09:42,580 a 5/32 ribbon and so a big gribbit in 168 00:09:52,950 --> 00:09:47,710 the aerospace industry is 3/16 or 1/4 169 00:09:54,510 --> 00:09:52,960 you just use millions of them so and of 170 00:09:59,400 --> 00:09:54,520 course I had mentioned previously the 171 00:10:03,840 --> 00:09:59,410 2020 44 ice box rivet and so since you 172 00:10:06,240 --> 00:10:03,850 have to have both sides of a rivet 173 00:10:07,950 --> 00:10:06,250 accessible sometimes you run into 174 00:10:10,320 --> 00:10:07,960 problems trying to use solid rivets 175 00:10:12,750 --> 00:10:10,330 because you have to have a bucking bar 176 00:10:15,540 --> 00:10:12,760 on the manufactured head of the rivet 177 00:10:20,369 --> 00:10:15,550 and a pneumatic hammer on the other end 178 00:10:26,019 --> 00:10:23,199 so that brings up the subject of blind 179 00:10:27,729 --> 00:10:26,029 rivets blind rivets get their name from 180 00:10:31,030 --> 00:10:27,739 the fact that they can be installed from 181 00:10:34,299 --> 00:10:31,040 one side and in a lot of cases that's 182 00:10:37,030 --> 00:10:34,309 the only thing you can can install so 183 00:10:39,789 --> 00:10:37,040 they have this the following advantages 184 00:10:43,329 --> 00:10:39,799 over solid rivets there is only one 185 00:10:45,910 --> 00:10:43,339 Operator required the installation tool 186 00:10:48,579 --> 00:10:45,920 is portable it's comparable to an 187 00:10:51,100 --> 00:10:48,589 electric drill and size and you only 188 00:10:55,689 --> 00:10:51,110 need one one side available for the 189 00:10:58,569 --> 00:10:55,699 workpiece and you can use a variable 190 00:11:01,509 --> 00:10:58,579 grip length with a lot of them you can 191 00:11:05,859 --> 00:11:01,519 whereas with the solid rivets the grip 192 00:11:07,900 --> 00:11:05,869 length is very critical on them in order 193 00:11:10,179 --> 00:11:07,910 to head them you you can't go too long 194 00:11:15,150 --> 00:11:10,189 or too short that's the part the grip 195 00:11:18,009 --> 00:11:15,160 length is the part between sheets so 196 00:11:20,769 --> 00:11:18,019 with the blind rivet they're more 197 00:11:23,919 --> 00:11:20,779 adaptable the amount of pull that you 198 00:11:30,220 --> 00:11:23,929 put on them you can have some variation 199 00:11:32,379 --> 00:11:30,230 in the length of the shank itself the 200 00:11:35,350 --> 00:11:32,389 installation time is lot faster than for 201 00:11:37,809 --> 00:11:35,360 solid rivets the clamping force is more 202 00:11:40,780 --> 00:11:37,819 uniform because you're pulling it with a 203 00:11:43,470 --> 00:11:40,790 machine rather than two people looking 204 00:11:47,109 --> 00:11:43,480 at it and saying okay this is enough and 205 00:11:48,489 --> 00:11:47,119 you need less operator training OSHA 206 00:11:54,119 --> 00:11:48,499 likes them better because they don't 207 00:11:57,249 --> 00:11:54,129 make as much noise now getting into 208 00:12:00,609 --> 00:11:57,259 specific blind rivets here is one call 209 00:12:03,489 --> 00:12:00,619 it's a pole mandrel type operation and 210 00:12:06,759 --> 00:12:03,499 you just simply shove it in the hole 211 00:12:10,210 --> 00:12:06,769 from from the one side you have a 212 00:12:13,269 --> 00:12:10,220 serrated stem that you clamp on to with 213 00:12:15,460 --> 00:12:13,279 one part of the gun and the other the 214 00:12:17,049 --> 00:12:15,470 head of it pushes against here to hold 215 00:12:19,569 --> 00:12:17,059 it in place and then you just simply 216 00:12:23,919 --> 00:12:19,579 pull the stem through when the proper 217 00:12:27,460 --> 00:12:23,929 load is reached the stem is notched so 218 00:12:32,660 --> 00:12:27,470 that it breaks off leaving you a fairly 219 00:12:39,240 --> 00:12:36,570 now on a threaded stem rivet you have 220 00:12:43,410 --> 00:12:39,250 pretty much the same thing except that 221 00:12:47,250 --> 00:12:43,420 your stem is threaded and you thread it 222 00:12:51,030 --> 00:12:47,260 through and we have one of those and a 223 00:12:57,180 --> 00:12:51,040 couple of them in Figure 48 here are two 224 00:13:00,030 --> 00:12:57,190 different types that you're actually 225 00:13:03,480 --> 00:13:00,040 threading it through and you see the the 226 00:13:08,130 --> 00:13:03,490 the goal on this is to pull it up tight 227 00:13:12,240 --> 00:13:08,140 and form a shop head on this side by 228 00:13:16,200 --> 00:13:12,250 expanding the tubular type body of the 229 00:13:19,680 --> 00:13:16,210 rivet on in this case you are pulling 230 00:13:21,840 --> 00:13:19,690 the thing up by compressing here by 231 00:13:28,260 --> 00:13:21,850 pulling through by threading and you're 232 00:13:31,950 --> 00:13:28,270 holding the hex there here is a drive 233 00:13:34,380 --> 00:13:31,960 pin ribbit these are not used in the 234 00:13:36,360 --> 00:13:34,390 aerospace world or in the industrial 235 00:13:38,760 --> 00:13:36,370 world they're simple to install but 236 00:13:42,150 --> 00:13:38,770 you're not sure just how they're turning 237 00:13:44,130 --> 00:13:42,160 out because all you do is get them and 238 00:13:46,260 --> 00:13:44,140 stick them in a hole and take a hammer 239 00:13:48,660 --> 00:13:46,270 and pound that in and it expands it out 240 00:13:49,680 --> 00:13:48,670 on this side to form a head and if 241 00:13:51,450 --> 00:13:49,690 you're wanting to hold a couple pieces 242 00:13:55,020 --> 00:13:51,460 of sheet metal together in your shop 243 00:13:58,250 --> 00:13:55,030 that's fine but you don't trust them 244 00:14:01,110 --> 00:13:58,260 that far with the airplane installations 245 00:14:04,560 --> 00:14:01,120 here's another type of industrial rivet 246 00:14:08,280 --> 00:14:04,570 a full tubular rivet and which you're 247 00:14:13,050 --> 00:14:08,290 actually this has a hole in it you poke 248 00:14:15,950 --> 00:14:13,060 it through and pound it and flare this 249 00:14:19,800 --> 00:14:15,960 end out and form a head on that side 250 00:14:21,150 --> 00:14:19,810 it's a weaker rivet than some of the 251 00:14:23,340 --> 00:14:21,160 others because you see the wall 252 00:14:30,060 --> 00:14:23,350 thickness right in there is not not that 253 00:14:32,190 --> 00:14:30,070 much the semi tubular rivet is pretty 254 00:14:34,110 --> 00:14:32,200 much the same thing except the hole is 255 00:14:37,950 --> 00:14:34,120 not drilled in as far so you get more 256 00:14:40,020 --> 00:14:37,960 solid shank in the hole which makes it a 257 00:14:42,180 --> 00:14:40,030 little bit better now with all of these 258 00:14:43,620 --> 00:14:42,190 one of the things you have to keep in 259 00:14:48,629 --> 00:14:43,630 mind is they have to be done 260 00:14:51,960 --> 00:14:48,639 pull so ductility goes up strength goes 261 00:14:54,059 --> 00:14:51,970 down so this this rivet is not a very 262 00:14:56,189 --> 00:14:54,069 strong rivet because if you made it very 263 00:15:00,420 --> 00:14:56,199 strong then it would crack when you form 264 00:15:04,530 --> 00:15:00,430 the head on it the the metal piercing 265 00:15:09,540 --> 00:15:04,540 rivet is you actually grab it into the 266 00:15:12,269 --> 00:15:09,550 second sheet and so so that one flares 267 00:15:16,100 --> 00:15:12,279 out and creates a head like this on up 268 00:15:21,720 --> 00:15:19,559 this one is okay for sheet metal 269 00:15:25,019 --> 00:15:21,730 installations that type of thing but it 270 00:15:31,370 --> 00:15:25,029 is not considered a structural type 271 00:15:34,410 --> 00:15:31,380 rivet either and here's here's one that 272 00:15:37,559 --> 00:15:34,420 goes back aways these have been around a 273 00:15:39,509 --> 00:15:37,569 long time the old farmers use these to 274 00:15:42,650 --> 00:15:39,519 repair harness and things of this nature 275 00:15:45,090 --> 00:15:42,660 this is the split copper rivet and 276 00:15:47,639 --> 00:15:45,100 although I couldn't find a picture of 277 00:15:49,110 --> 00:15:47,649 the holder there's a little wire holder 278 00:15:51,660 --> 00:15:49,120 that you put these in so that you don't 279 00:15:54,300 --> 00:15:51,670 pound your hands with them and all you 280 00:15:57,269 --> 00:15:54,310 do is lay the two pieces of leather down 281 00:15:59,100 --> 00:15:57,279 and these things are fairly sharp on the 282 00:16:01,319 --> 00:15:59,110 points and take a hammer and pound the 283 00:16:04,319 --> 00:16:01,329 thing through the leather and once you 284 00:16:06,210 --> 00:16:04,329 get it through then you get it spread 285 00:16:08,160 --> 00:16:06,220 here and go ahead and pound a little 286 00:16:11,550 --> 00:16:08,170 more and you clinch it and it holds 287 00:16:15,660 --> 00:16:11,560 quite well on harness straps things of 288 00:16:20,300 --> 00:16:15,670 that nature now here is everybody's 289 00:16:23,129 --> 00:16:20,310 favorite for home use the pop rivet and 290 00:16:24,840 --> 00:16:23,139 just to satisfy the people from Black 291 00:16:26,509 --> 00:16:24,850 and Decker who wrote a nasty letter 292 00:16:29,819 --> 00:16:26,519 about the fact that I hadn't changed 293 00:16:31,650 --> 00:16:29,829 their name over to the association with 294 00:16:35,819 --> 00:16:31,660 this because it used to be United shoe 295 00:16:39,410 --> 00:16:35,829 that owned the company pop rivets our 296 00:16:43,319 --> 00:16:39,420 blind rivets used for home repairs and 297 00:16:45,629 --> 00:16:43,329 we mentioned earlier about the repairing 298 00:16:48,179 --> 00:16:45,639 fenders of cars with duct tape that that 299 00:16:50,970 --> 00:16:48,189 was a non structural type repair pop 300 00:16:53,819 --> 00:16:50,980 rivets worked better because they have a 301 00:16:56,970 --> 00:16:53,829 nail type stem which is gripped by a 302 00:16:59,340 --> 00:16:56,980 handheld gun and you drill a hole 303 00:17:02,250 --> 00:16:59,350 thing in pull it through with the stem 304 00:17:05,309 --> 00:17:02,260 then the stem breaks off sometimes it 305 00:17:06,900 --> 00:17:05,319 falls out all together and then you put 306 00:17:08,760 --> 00:17:06,910 bondo over these to keep them from 307 00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:08,770 rusting and sand them down and you got a 308 00:17:14,159 --> 00:17:11,410 good repair job but they're they're not 309 00:17:16,799 --> 00:17:14,169 a structural type that you would use on 310 00:17:18,720 --> 00:17:16,809 an airplane here's an example of the 311 00:17:20,429 --> 00:17:18,730 installation of a pop rivet where you 312 00:17:23,250 --> 00:17:20,439 start out by poking the thing through 313 00:17:25,650 --> 00:17:23,260 and this is bulb back here and so you 314 00:17:30,990 --> 00:17:25,660 pull it through and expand it back here 315 00:17:32,430 --> 00:17:31,000 and you have yourself a decent rivet to 316 00:17:35,610 --> 00:17:32,440 hold a couple of pieces of sheet metal 317 00:17:37,380 --> 00:17:35,620 together one of the things with these 318 00:17:42,000 --> 00:17:37,390 that you've got to watch about though if 319 00:17:44,010 --> 00:17:42,010 you are repairing aluminum gutters or 320 00:17:46,590 --> 00:17:44,020 something that nature make sure that you 321 00:17:48,060 --> 00:17:46,600 use the aluminum rivets rather than the 322 00:17:49,799 --> 00:17:48,070 steel because then you get into the 323 00:17:52,049 --> 00:17:49,809 galvanic corrosion problem and I 324 00:17:53,970 --> 00:17:52,059 mentioned earlier you use steel rivets 325 00:17:57,870 --> 00:17:53,980 there rest up like crazy in the aluminum 326 00:18:00,120 --> 00:17:57,880 because of the galvanic corrosion so and 327 00:18:02,700 --> 00:18:00,130 they do make aluminum pop rivets that 328 00:18:08,270 --> 00:18:02,710 you can use on aluminum and the others 329 00:18:12,510 --> 00:18:08,280 for steel now here's one that is a used 330 00:18:16,049 --> 00:18:12,520 some in the I believe in the aerospace 331 00:18:18,690 --> 00:18:16,059 world for secondary type structures it's 332 00:18:20,100 --> 00:18:18,700 a rib nut made as far as I know it's 333 00:18:23,310 --> 00:18:20,110 still made the BF Goodrich 334 00:18:25,680 --> 00:18:23,320 it's a tubular rivet with internal 335 00:18:29,730 --> 00:18:25,690 threads and you deform it in place to 336 00:18:33,419 --> 00:18:29,740 kind of form a nut plate and if you look 337 00:18:36,810 --> 00:18:33,429 at the next picture of one I think it 338 00:18:43,460 --> 00:18:36,820 will show how you do it see it's it's 339 00:18:46,710 --> 00:18:43,470 actually a a bolt if you will with a 340 00:18:49,760 --> 00:18:46,720 threaded piece here you stick the thing 341 00:18:54,270 --> 00:18:49,770 through a hole then you hold it up here 342 00:18:57,650 --> 00:18:54,280 while you twist the threaded part of it 343 00:19:05,180 --> 00:18:57,660 and actually pull this up and deform it 344 00:19:08,130 --> 00:19:05,190 to where you get a installed nut plate 345 00:19:09,720 --> 00:19:08,140 which then you can use to install 346 00:19:13,320 --> 00:19:09,730 fasteners in 347 00:19:17,520 --> 00:19:13,330 and those have been around for several 348 00:19:20,010 --> 00:19:17,530 years and we haven't used them around 349 00:19:21,480 --> 00:19:20,020 here but they are used some by people in 350 00:19:28,290 --> 00:19:21,490 the industrial and I believe on 351 00:19:36,150 --> 00:19:28,300 secondary aerospace structures okay for 352 00:19:38,100 --> 00:19:36,160 the now for the the ad and DD rivets we 353 00:19:40,140 --> 00:19:38,110 mentioned those earlier the fact that 354 00:19:43,650 --> 00:19:40,150 those are the most common ones the most 355 00:19:46,740 --> 00:19:43,660 preferred ones and one of the things 356 00:19:48,270 --> 00:19:46,750 that I wanted to point out on this that 357 00:19:54,240 --> 00:19:48,280 was called to my attention by one of the 358 00:19:58,260 --> 00:19:54,250 guys from Lockheed Martin is that they 359 00:20:01,350 --> 00:19:58,270 had had some problems on using rivets 360 00:20:07,040 --> 00:20:01,360 that were not exactly the same material 361 00:20:11,100 --> 00:20:07,050 as the skin because when you think of it 362 00:20:15,480 --> 00:20:11,110 at 45,000 feet you have about minus 363 00:20:18,270 --> 00:20:15,490 sixty-five temperature and on the runway 364 00:20:22,530 --> 00:20:18,280 out in Phoenix you have about a hundred 365 00:20:26,990 --> 00:20:22,540 and forty degrees on the skin so you 366 00:20:32,700 --> 00:20:27,000 need to have rivets and skin that are 367 00:20:36,600 --> 00:20:32,710 very close metallurgically in order to 368 00:20:38,340 --> 00:20:36,610 prevent differential thermal loads and 369 00:20:41,820 --> 00:20:38,350 they had had some trouble and had to 370 00:20:44,430 --> 00:20:41,830 change to fasteners that were exactly 371 00:20:48,720 --> 00:20:44,440 the same material as the skin in order 372 00:20:52,170 --> 00:20:48,730 to get away from that the and the ice 373 00:20:54,150 --> 00:20:52,180 box rivets I mentioned earlier are have 374 00:20:56,790 --> 00:20:54,160 to be installed at zero degrees which 375 00:20:58,860 --> 00:20:56,800 makes them not very popular the other 376 00:21:03,350 --> 00:20:58,870 thing too you run into a problem with 377 00:21:06,630 --> 00:21:03,360 them if you don't use a batch of them 378 00:21:08,370 --> 00:21:06,640 you have to take them back if they've 379 00:21:11,870 --> 00:21:08,380 been exposed to room temperature for 380 00:21:15,750 --> 00:21:11,880 very long you have to take them back and 381 00:21:17,610 --> 00:21:15,760 reheat treat them before and then cool 382 00:21:20,340 --> 00:21:17,620 them down again before you can use them 383 00:21:22,140 --> 00:21:20,350 so sometimes they've had trouble with 384 00:21:23,370 --> 00:21:22,150 people short cutting things and oh well 385 00:21:24,900 --> 00:21:23,380 they weren't out that long 386 00:21:26,520 --> 00:21:24,910 so therefore we'll just go ahead and 387 00:21:29,910 --> 00:21:26,530 reuse them and then they get rid of 388 00:21:32,610 --> 00:21:29,920 cracking so so they're very hard to 389 00:21:33,990 --> 00:21:32,620 control to make sure that you get a good 390 00:21:37,050 --> 00:21:34,000 heading operation on them 391 00:21:38,760 --> 00:21:37,060 the 50:56 I mentioned is stress 392 00:21:42,660 --> 00:21:38,770 corrosion sensitive and all materials 393 00:21:45,930 --> 00:21:42,670 except magnesium and now here's one of 394 00:21:48,660 --> 00:21:45,940 the things too that is very important 395 00:21:51,240 --> 00:21:48,670 solid rivets are expanded to an 396 00:21:55,620 --> 00:21:51,250 interference fit so they should not be 397 00:21:58,590 --> 00:21:55,630 used in composite materials because the 398 00:22:00,020 --> 00:21:58,600 the hoop tension in the hole in a 399 00:22:03,300 --> 00:22:00,030 composite material can cause 400 00:22:07,800 --> 00:22:03,310 delamination of the material surfaces so 401 00:22:10,440 --> 00:22:07,810 you should use a tight fit but non 402 00:22:19,590 --> 00:22:10,450 expanding type rivet in composite 403 00:22:21,870 --> 00:22:19,600 materials I had mentioned Mennella 404 00:22:24,540 --> 00:22:21,880 rivets earlier 405 00:22:28,440 --> 00:22:24,550 manal of course is 67 percent nickel and 406 00:22:30,540 --> 00:22:28,450 30% copper it is stronger has a shear 407 00:22:32,760 --> 00:22:30,550 element of 49 ksi and more heat 408 00:22:35,610 --> 00:22:32,770 resistant than aluminum and yet it's 409 00:22:38,250 --> 00:22:35,620 ductile enough to cold form without 410 00:22:40,530 --> 00:22:38,260 cracking and they're used for joining a 411 00:22:42,930 --> 00:22:40,540 stainless steel titanium and in canals 412 00:22:45,240 --> 00:22:42,940 but it shouldn't be used for joining the 413 00:22:49,440 --> 00:22:45,250 aluminum because it is way down in the 414 00:22:51,540 --> 00:22:49,450 galvanic series compared to aluminum and 415 00:22:54,330 --> 00:22:51,550 it also of course would have different 416 00:22:56,820 --> 00:22:54,340 thermal expansion properties the 417 00:23:01,200 --> 00:22:56,830 titanium columbium rivets this is a 418 00:23:03,570 --> 00:23:01,210 hybrid one that is there well they 419 00:23:07,290 --> 00:23:03,580 actually have have two types there's one 420 00:23:09,870 --> 00:23:07,300 that they actually join two pieces 421 00:23:12,500 --> 00:23:09,880 together I guess and this one is just 422 00:23:15,930 --> 00:23:12,510 the the one that is part columbium and 423 00:23:17,760 --> 00:23:15,940 they have a shear strength of 50 ksi but 424 00:23:20,270 --> 00:23:17,770 they can be formed room temperature and 425 00:23:22,410 --> 00:23:20,280 they're used for joining titanium and 426 00:23:24,660 --> 00:23:22,420 aluminum because they they have enough 427 00:23:27,480 --> 00:23:24,670 columbium in them to make them 428 00:23:29,130 --> 00:23:27,490 compatible with aluminum and they 429 00:23:32,430 --> 00:23:29,140 generally don't need to have the 430 00:23:34,350 --> 00:23:32,440 corrosion protection on them except for 431 00:23:35,520 --> 00:23:34,360 sealing in the hollow when you install 432 00:23:41,460 --> 00:23:35,530 the rivet 433 00:23:44,520 --> 00:23:41,470 now here is the table we showed earlier 434 00:23:49,830 --> 00:23:44,530 on this so I won't go through it again 435 00:23:52,110 --> 00:23:49,840 but just to let you know that these 436 00:23:56,400 --> 00:23:52,120 these two are the ones you concentrate 437 00:23:57,900 --> 00:23:56,410 the most on in the aircraft world now 438 00:23:59,280 --> 00:23:57,910 here here's the cherry buck ribbit 439 00:24:04,920 --> 00:23:59,290 that's the one I was thinking of it 440 00:24:12,500 --> 00:24:04,930 actually has a friction welded piece of 441 00:24:17,460 --> 00:24:12,510 soft titanium on it so that when you 442 00:24:20,100 --> 00:24:17,470 form it that most of the harder stuff is 443 00:24:24,420 --> 00:24:20,110 in the hole so you only have a little 444 00:24:27,830 --> 00:24:24,430 bit of the softer material in the hole 445 00:24:30,600 --> 00:24:27,840 so you get a higher overall strength 446 00:24:34,490 --> 00:24:30,610 because this one has a shear strength up 447 00:24:38,310 --> 00:24:34,500 to almost 95 ksi which is excellent and 448 00:24:40,860 --> 00:24:38,320 they can be used up to 600 degrees and 449 00:24:48,150 --> 00:24:40,870 they're available in both flesh and 450 00:24:51,870 --> 00:24:48,160 protruding heads now cherry rivets are a 451 00:24:54,660 --> 00:24:51,880 very popular one in fact they're almost 452 00:24:55,980 --> 00:24:54,670 a generic although all fast and some of 453 00:24:57,660 --> 00:24:55,990 the others would not want me to say that 454 00:25:02,880 --> 00:24:57,670 about it since they make competing 455 00:25:06,600 --> 00:25:02,890 rivets but cherry rivet is a blind rivet 456 00:25:09,480 --> 00:25:06,610 with a locking collar and you have a 457 00:25:11,730 --> 00:25:09,490 pull stem on it but it is a better 458 00:25:15,780 --> 00:25:11,740 structural rivet because they have 459 00:25:19,260 --> 00:25:15,790 better materials in it then then say a 460 00:25:22,110 --> 00:25:19,270 pop rivet would have they're also 461 00:25:27,420 --> 00:25:22,120 available in oversized diameters where 462 00:25:29,370 --> 00:25:27,430 if you have if you have to replace a 463 00:25:31,620 --> 00:25:29,380 rivet of course when you drill the hole 464 00:25:34,260 --> 00:25:31,630 drill the old rivet out then you have to 465 00:25:36,570 --> 00:25:34,270 ream the hole to get it prepared better 466 00:25:38,870 --> 00:25:36,580 and that takes enough material off of it 467 00:25:42,450 --> 00:25:38,880 that you can't get an interference fit 468 00:25:45,780 --> 00:25:42,460 so you have to use an oversized rivet so 469 00:25:47,400 --> 00:25:45,790 they make specific oversized rivets and 470 00:25:48,509 --> 00:25:47,410 given sizes I forget know how many 471 00:25:52,229 --> 00:25:48,519 thousands they are over 472 00:25:54,959 --> 00:25:52,239 sighs but they they will fit a reworked 473 00:25:58,889 --> 00:25:54,969 poll they have shear strengths 474 00:26:02,789 --> 00:25:58,899 comparable to the the ad solid aluminum 475 00:26:05,039 --> 00:26:02,799 rivets and they're used a lot on 476 00:26:07,859 --> 00:26:05,049 secondary structures but they're not 477 00:26:10,859 --> 00:26:07,869 used on primary structure you normally 478 00:26:15,089 --> 00:26:10,869 use the solid rivets on primary 479 00:26:18,089 --> 00:26:15,099 structure in an airplane now note that 480 00:26:19,859 --> 00:26:18,099 all of these blind rivets along with cut 481 00:26:21,690 --> 00:26:19,869 can all fast is restricted by the 482 00:26:24,709 --> 00:26:21,700 guidelines here's an EM aspect that 483 00:26:27,060 --> 00:26:24,719 tells you how you should use them and 484 00:26:31,769 --> 00:26:27,070 there's the statement also about the 485 00:26:36,209 --> 00:26:31,779 secondary structures versus primary here 486 00:26:38,669 --> 00:26:36,219 is the part of a installation in which 487 00:26:40,589 --> 00:26:38,679 you have the gun here that holds the 488 00:26:43,049 --> 00:26:40,599 head in place then you start the process 489 00:26:47,609 --> 00:26:43,059 of pulling the stand through to expand 490 00:26:50,310 --> 00:26:47,619 it if you go on to the next figure you 491 00:26:52,560 --> 00:26:50,320 have the completed installation there's 492 00:26:55,349 --> 00:26:52,570 a little locking collar this is the part 493 00:26:58,229 --> 00:26:55,359 that's shown in black tier that comes in 494 00:27:00,869 --> 00:26:58,239 and is pushed in around the shank after 495 00:27:04,259 --> 00:27:00,879 you have broken it off which gives you a 496 00:27:12,829 --> 00:27:04,269 good seal on it to make sure that the 497 00:27:17,639 --> 00:27:12,839 stem stays in place on it now here is a 498 00:27:21,469 --> 00:27:17,649 table of cherry rivet materials and 499 00:27:24,989 --> 00:27:21,479 notice that the the stem and the sleeve 500 00:27:28,319 --> 00:27:24,999 are not different materials because the 501 00:27:30,690 --> 00:27:28,329 stem has to be strong to pull through 502 00:27:32,789 --> 00:27:30,700 and deform the sleeve the sleeve has to 503 00:27:36,029 --> 00:27:32,799 be ductile enough to farm without 504 00:27:38,159 --> 00:27:36,039 cracking so you have so so the strength 505 00:27:40,829 --> 00:27:38,169 of the rivet is a combination of those 506 00:27:43,409 --> 00:27:40,839 two materials so like here if you have 507 00:27:45,989 --> 00:27:43,419 the 5055 a looming it with alloy steel 508 00:27:49,680 --> 00:27:45,999 minal with stainless steel and here's 509 00:27:53,909 --> 00:27:49,690 inconel 600 with an Inc and LX 750 pull 510 00:27:57,680 --> 00:27:53,919 stem on it and look at the you can kick 511 00:28:04,690 --> 00:27:57,690 the temperature way up by going to the 512 00:28:11,090 --> 00:28:07,400 now Huck is also one of the big 513 00:28:14,450 --> 00:28:11,100 suppliers of rivets there's are similar 514 00:28:17,990 --> 00:28:14,460 to cherry in fact if you look in mill 515 00:28:21,500 --> 00:28:18,000 handbook five for rivet allowables there 516 00:28:24,410 --> 00:28:21,510 are a lot of men there and I know on in 517 00:28:28,430 --> 00:28:24,420 our fastener Task Group one of the 518 00:28:30,650 --> 00:28:28,440 things we have argued and fought over 519 00:28:31,790 --> 00:28:30,660 there is trying to come up with 520 00:28:34,430 --> 00:28:31,800 allowables 521 00:28:38,570 --> 00:28:34,440 that will include all of these 522 00:28:40,400 --> 00:28:38,580 manufacturers under one heading so that 523 00:28:42,800 --> 00:28:40,410 we won't have trouble with somebody 524 00:28:46,100 --> 00:28:42,810 saying hi and you're favoring our 525 00:28:48,110 --> 00:28:46,110 company versus company X and so on so 526 00:28:50,570 --> 00:28:48,120 you have to come up with a generic table 527 00:28:53,360 --> 00:28:50,580 to give allowables for this type of 528 00:28:58,970 --> 00:28:53,370 ribbon so that it uncover Huck and 529 00:29:00,440 --> 00:28:58,980 cherry and all fast now move on to the 530 00:29:02,600 --> 00:29:00,450 next figure and we'll look at a standard 531 00:29:04,370 --> 00:29:02,610 Huck gribbit to see this is this is 532 00:29:07,040 --> 00:29:04,380 pretty much similar the other one except 533 00:29:10,100 --> 00:29:07,050 and in this case you're compressing the 534 00:29:12,500 --> 00:29:10,110 sleeve a little bit this way but the the 535 00:29:16,400 --> 00:29:12,510 principle is still the same you have a 536 00:29:18,590 --> 00:29:16,410 locking collar you have a serrated pin 537 00:29:20,270 --> 00:29:18,600 that you pull through and then when 538 00:29:23,270 --> 00:29:20,280 after you pulled it through it's not 539 00:29:25,310 --> 00:29:23,280 chair so that it breaks off and you have 540 00:29:31,630 --> 00:29:25,320 the complete completed rivet 541 00:29:38,320 --> 00:29:36,260 now the here is a Huck Clint rivet which 542 00:29:43,810 --> 00:29:38,330 is a little bit different it has a 543 00:29:46,340 --> 00:29:43,820 separate sleeve here that compresses 544 00:29:49,460 --> 00:29:46,350 inside when you pull the thing through 545 00:29:52,130 --> 00:29:49,470 and kind of gives you a seal on it that 546 00:29:54,769 --> 00:29:52,140 one I'm not sure how widely used it is 547 00:29:56,899 --> 00:29:54,779 by the aerospace companies I did not get 548 00:30:01,130 --> 00:29:56,909 a benchmark on it from any of the 549 00:30:04,760 --> 00:30:01,140 companies prior to this course now all 550 00:30:11,690 --> 00:30:04,770 fast makes several types both solid and 551 00:30:16,760 --> 00:30:11,700 blind and their wire draw rivet has a 552 00:30:19,850 --> 00:30:16,770 tapered stem bulb and so that it expands 553 00:30:23,389 --> 00:30:19,860 the tubular body which is a little bit 554 00:30:27,919 --> 00:30:23,399 different than the the regular cherry 555 00:30:31,480 --> 00:30:27,929 and Huck so you see this one I guess it 556 00:30:35,720 --> 00:30:31,490 shows up better over here this is 557 00:30:38,389 --> 00:30:35,730 actually tapered so that it it pulls 558 00:30:40,669 --> 00:30:38,399 through and keeps expanding as the 559 00:30:45,649 --> 00:30:40,679 poster whereas the other one was a solid 560 00:30:47,870 --> 00:30:45,659 tape but the the final installation 561 00:30:49,909 --> 00:30:47,880 there is the same because you wind up 562 00:30:52,039 --> 00:30:49,919 with a the thing pulled through to 563 00:30:57,380 --> 00:30:52,049 expand it and then you have the locking 564 00:31:02,899 --> 00:30:57,390 collar around the stem at just inboard 565 00:31:09,110 --> 00:31:02,909 of where it broke now high shear makes 566 00:31:12,409 --> 00:31:09,120 other types of rivets and one of the 567 00:31:17,269 --> 00:31:12,419 ones that they make is a high-strength 568 00:31:22,310 --> 00:31:17,279 stem with a swage collar that you put on 569 00:31:24,740 --> 00:31:22,320 it and over and this one if the collar 570 00:31:27,260 --> 00:31:24,750 is size such that you can look at it 571 00:31:29,389 --> 00:31:27,270 from the outside and inspect it to tell 572 00:31:32,990 --> 00:31:29,399 whether it was installed properly so if 573 00:31:37,130 --> 00:31:33,000 you turn to figure 61 this is a high 574 00:31:42,460 --> 00:31:37,140 shear installation this is usually a 20 575 00:31:44,840 --> 00:31:42,470 20 44 collar and you just pull the thing 576 00:31:47,210 --> 00:31:44,850 through Suede's it on here 577 00:31:49,460 --> 00:31:47,220 and the way that it's wages on you can 578 00:31:51,980 --> 00:31:49,470 look around the top of it here and see 579 00:31:55,070 --> 00:31:51,990 whether it was farmed properly so that 580 00:31:59,870 --> 00:31:55,080 it can be inspected from that side now 581 00:32:03,290 --> 00:31:59,880 this is not a an expanding rivet that's 582 00:32:08,870 --> 00:32:03,300 the difference this one these are used a 583 00:32:12,470 --> 00:32:08,880 lot for installing brackets that are 584 00:32:15,830 --> 00:32:12,480 structural type things to heavy frames 585 00:32:20,660 --> 00:32:15,840 and so on in planes where you want a 586 00:32:24,110 --> 00:32:20,670 real good fastener but you'd rather not 587 00:32:26,210 --> 00:32:24,120 use bolts and nuts because you can get a 588 00:32:27,920 --> 00:32:26,220 these these would be installed in a 589 00:32:36,560 --> 00:32:27,930 drilled and reading hole so it would 590 00:32:40,820 --> 00:32:36,570 give you a tighter tolerance on now lock 591 00:32:44,200 --> 00:32:40,830 bolts are also commonly used and they 592 00:32:46,670 --> 00:32:44,210 are a non expanding high-strength 593 00:32:49,510 --> 00:32:46,680 fastener that has either a suede scholar 594 00:32:53,840 --> 00:32:49,520 a threaded Collard to lock them in place 595 00:32:55,490 --> 00:32:53,850 it's a variation of the high fear that I 596 00:32:57,800 --> 00:32:55,500 just showed you they're accepted in this 597 00:33:02,420 --> 00:32:57,810 case you normally have a have a stem 598 00:33:05,510 --> 00:33:02,430 that you compress the collar on a lock 599 00:33:08,150 --> 00:33:05,520 bolt is similar to a rivet in one 600 00:33:11,540 --> 00:33:08,160 respect it's hard to remove once you 601 00:33:13,370 --> 00:33:11,550 install it and it's not very strong in 602 00:33:15,800 --> 00:33:13,380 tension because once again it's a 603 00:33:19,400 --> 00:33:15,810 metallurgical balancing act you want the 604 00:33:21,890 --> 00:33:19,410 collar to farm but on the other hand it 605 00:33:23,960 --> 00:33:21,900 can't crack so it can't be nearly as 606 00:33:26,390 --> 00:33:23,970 strong as the shank so what you have is 607 00:33:30,320 --> 00:33:26,400 a fastener which is very strong and 608 00:33:31,940 --> 00:33:30,330 shear but is weak in tension so normally 609 00:33:38,210 --> 00:33:31,950 you try to design them such that they're 610 00:33:41,840 --> 00:33:38,220 not in tension now they're difficult to 611 00:33:47,480 --> 00:33:41,850 inspect so if it's something that you 612 00:33:50,450 --> 00:33:47,490 need to have a more positive lock on you 613 00:33:55,310 --> 00:33:50,460 should look for a bolt nut assembly but 614 00:33:58,730 --> 00:33:55,320 they're fast in style and on the next 615 00:34:04,419 --> 00:33:58,740 page is one type of lock bolt this is a 616 00:34:08,540 --> 00:34:04,429 Joe Bolt and what you have here the 617 00:34:12,080 --> 00:34:08,550 locking sleeve their collar is expanded 618 00:34:16,310 --> 00:34:12,090 to form a shop head because you're 619 00:34:18,980 --> 00:34:16,320 rotating the stem in a gun and holding 620 00:34:22,490 --> 00:34:18,990 the hex head in place so you're running 621 00:34:26,240 --> 00:34:22,500 this through a threaded year to expand 622 00:34:28,790 --> 00:34:26,250 the sleeve to form a head then the the 623 00:34:36,860 --> 00:34:28,800 stem is not so that when you reach the 624 00:34:43,910 --> 00:34:42,110 now the the Huck bolt is a one with the 625 00:34:50,530 --> 00:34:43,920 serrations on the shank rather than 626 00:34:56,450 --> 00:34:54,020 the one thing about them since you don't 627 00:34:58,670 --> 00:34:56,460 have threads they can't back off because 628 00:35:00,290 --> 00:34:58,680 you just have straight serrations so 629 00:35:01,910 --> 00:35:00,300 they're used a lot in the trucking 630 00:35:04,250 --> 00:35:01,920 industry for putting truck bodies 631 00:35:06,980 --> 00:35:04,260 together because they're available in 632 00:35:09,980 --> 00:35:06,990 fairly large diameters you can get up up 633 00:35:12,320 --> 00:35:09,990 to about a half inch diameter on them 634 00:35:13,940 --> 00:35:12,330 and of course they're very good in 635 00:35:17,600 --> 00:35:13,950 fatigue because once you put them 636 00:35:21,260 --> 00:35:17,610 together and clamp the collar on they 637 00:35:23,990 --> 00:35:21,270 can't come loose very well unless the 638 00:35:25,910 --> 00:35:24,000 collar would actually break and they're 639 00:35:28,460 --> 00:35:25,920 available in carbon steel stainless 640 00:35:32,450 --> 00:35:28,470 steel and aluminum and on the next page 641 00:35:37,070 --> 00:35:32,460 is Huck bolt installed and you see what 642 00:35:39,640 --> 00:35:37,080 what they have is a notched stem you 643 00:35:43,910 --> 00:35:39,650 pull the thing in place 644 00:35:46,550 --> 00:35:43,920 there's your unser rated shank that you 645 00:35:48,560 --> 00:35:46,560 put in the joint and then it breaks off 646 00:35:55,880 --> 00:35:48,570 once the thing is that the collar is 647 00:35:59,170 --> 00:35:55,890 switched in place now high fear makes a 648 00:36:02,480 --> 00:35:59,180 high lock which is a similar one and 649 00:36:06,050 --> 00:36:02,490 it's it has to be fed through a hole 650 00:36:08,750 --> 00:36:06,060 from the fire side and held with a key 651 00:36:11,180 --> 00:36:08,760 to prevent rotation while the about is 652 00:36:13,010 --> 00:36:11,190 being torqued with a tool then the outer 653 00:36:17,300 --> 00:36:13,020 portion of the nut breaks off on this 654 00:36:21,530 --> 00:36:17,310 one now the high locks are available in 655 00:36:24,680 --> 00:36:21,540 super high strength materials the alloy 656 00:36:28,070 --> 00:36:24,690 steel h-11 tool steel stainless steel 657 00:36:29,300 --> 00:36:28,080 and titanium now one of the things I 658 00:36:31,760 --> 00:36:29,310 wanted to call your attention here 659 00:36:35,390 --> 00:36:31,770 though the h-11 tool steel which has 660 00:36:38,420 --> 00:36:35,400 been used in the past by SPS for a lot 661 00:36:40,520 --> 00:36:38,430 of their super high strength bolts it is 662 00:36:42,950 --> 00:36:40,530 stress corrosion sensitive and some of 663 00:36:46,190 --> 00:36:42,960 the companies have kind of backed off on 664 00:36:47,750 --> 00:36:46,200 using it or using it in the real 665 00:36:50,360 --> 00:36:47,760 high-strength see this hundred and 666 00:36:55,000 --> 00:36:50,370 fifty-six ksi here that is 667 00:36:57,980 --> 00:36:55,010 if you that's about a 260 heat-treat 668 00:37:00,830 --> 00:36:57,990 bolt so the elongation gets pretty low 669 00:37:05,060 --> 00:37:00,840 on it and if it's stress corrosion 670 00:37:07,370 --> 00:37:05,070 sensitive then you have to really do a 671 00:37:08,660 --> 00:37:07,380 good job of protecting it in order to 672 00:37:14,170 --> 00:37:08,670 assure yourself you're not gonna have 673 00:37:18,290 --> 00:37:14,180 some problems now here is a high lock 674 00:37:22,010 --> 00:37:18,300 installation now this is threaded on so 675 00:37:25,100 --> 00:37:22,020 the the threaded diameter is a little 676 00:37:28,340 --> 00:37:25,110 bit smaller here so that you can slide 677 00:37:32,030 --> 00:37:28,350 it through from the backside without 678 00:37:37,490 --> 00:37:32,040 screwing up the threads then you hold it 679 00:37:40,100 --> 00:37:37,500 it has a internal hex in it so you put a 680 00:37:42,770 --> 00:37:40,110 key in it with the gun to hold it in 681 00:37:44,540 --> 00:37:42,780 place then tighten it down the outer 682 00:37:46,820 --> 00:37:44,550 part of the nut that you're talking with 683 00:37:54,080 --> 00:37:46,830 breaks off when you reach the proper 684 00:37:56,990 --> 00:37:54,090 torque now here is an unusual one the 685 00:37:59,000 --> 00:37:57,000 Hyatt Teague is a high lock which is 686 00:38:02,350 --> 00:37:59,010 actually driven into an interference fit 687 00:38:05,330 --> 00:38:02,360 hole before the color is installed and 688 00:38:07,060 --> 00:38:05,340 of course because you have the threads 689 00:38:10,640 --> 00:38:07,070 are slightly smaller you can do this 690 00:38:15,590 --> 00:38:10,650 then of course the interference fit 691 00:38:18,050 --> 00:38:15,600 increases the fatigue resistance and it 692 00:38:21,830 --> 00:38:18,060 actually will hold it in place while you 693 00:38:32,599 --> 00:38:21,840 are tightening it down and I don't have 694 00:38:46,049 --> 00:38:39,690 the taper lock is made by SPS and it has 695 00:38:48,240 --> 00:38:46,059 a threaded stem tapered shank and it's 696 00:38:52,500 --> 00:38:48,250 installed with an interference fit in a 697 00:38:55,349 --> 00:38:52,510 drilled and reamed hold now the tapered 698 00:38:58,620 --> 00:38:55,359 shank is that's only a 1 and don't ask 699 00:39:02,730 --> 00:38:58,630 me how this becomes a critical thing 700 00:39:06,150 --> 00:39:02,740 it's a 1.19 degree taper that has on the 701 00:39:07,589 --> 00:39:06,160 sides and you lubricate the shank so you 702 00:39:09,720 --> 00:39:07,599 don't have to do anything as the hole 703 00:39:12,049 --> 00:39:09,730 you just drive the thing in but this 704 00:39:15,380 --> 00:39:12,059 interference fit keeps it from rotating 705 00:39:18,059 --> 00:39:15,390 while the lock nut with a captive washer 706 00:39:24,049 --> 00:39:18,069 attached to it is installed and there is 707 00:39:33,180 --> 00:39:30,540 so you have this is kind of showing this 708 00:39:35,640 --> 00:39:33,190 way although it in reality it isn't in 709 00:39:37,859 --> 00:39:35,650 in steps that much you would not be able 710 00:39:40,890 --> 00:39:37,869 to see the steps on it do that slight 711 00:39:43,890 --> 00:39:40,900 angle but then you install it with this 712 00:39:45,750 --> 00:39:43,900 this nut on it and you can sense it's 713 00:39:52,289 --> 00:39:45,760 driven in place if the friction will 714 00:39:58,480 --> 00:39:55,089 now next here is an eddy bolt and 715 00:40:00,039 --> 00:39:58,490 they're used a lot by Boeing in the 716 00:40:05,130 --> 00:40:00,049 airplane business 717 00:40:08,109 --> 00:40:05,140 I understand they use millions of Monday 718 00:40:10,630 --> 00:40:08,119 777s 747s and so on 719 00:40:16,599 --> 00:40:10,640 and it's kind of an oddball in my 720 00:40:20,140 --> 00:40:16,609 opinion it has a deformed threads such 721 00:40:24,130 --> 00:40:20,150 that it that you use a kind of a socket 722 00:40:25,599 --> 00:40:24,140 type head that deforms to the point that 723 00:40:31,420 --> 00:40:25,609 it starts slipping and then you know 724 00:40:33,010 --> 00:40:31,430 that you it is installed properly so be 725 00:40:40,180 --> 00:40:33,020 easier just to go with the picture on 726 00:40:43,779 --> 00:40:40,190 the next page maybe I guess the better 727 00:40:46,180 --> 00:40:43,789 with this one this one has a fluted 728 00:40:49,210 --> 00:40:46,190 threads on the stem here you can see it 729 00:40:51,520 --> 00:40:49,220 and so you start out you have a nut that 730 00:40:54,640 --> 00:40:51,530 has these protrusions on it and you have 731 00:40:57,339 --> 00:40:54,650 a special wrench to fit on that so you 732 00:41:01,390 --> 00:40:57,349 tighten the doggone thing until the nut 733 00:41:05,230 --> 00:41:01,400 deforms to where these protrusions push 734 00:41:07,990 --> 00:41:05,240 it in and it pushes in and locks on 735 00:41:11,230 --> 00:41:08,000 these flutes here and then when you 736 00:41:13,620 --> 00:41:11,240 start spinning you know you have a the 737 00:41:17,260 --> 00:41:13,630 proper installation which is kind of 738 00:41:22,120 --> 00:41:17,270 strange but they work then they have 739 00:41:24,970 --> 00:41:22,130 another tape that has a swags color like 740 00:41:26,650 --> 00:41:24,980 the the ones that the lock bolts that 741 00:41:28,450 --> 00:41:26,660 I've been showing you and on that one of 742 00:41:30,519 --> 00:41:28,460 course you need a bucking bar on the 743 00:41:34,019 --> 00:41:30,529 back of it to hold it in place because 744 00:41:36,730 --> 00:41:34,029 you're actually pushing down here and 745 00:41:38,950 --> 00:41:36,740 deforming the collar around it but the 746 00:41:40,900 --> 00:41:38,960 locking is the same it still has this 747 00:41:45,180 --> 00:41:40,910 type of shank on this shank is the same 748 00:41:48,579 --> 00:41:45,190 as this one and those are used 749 00:41:51,400 --> 00:41:48,589 extensively and they're fairly new 750 00:41:55,569 --> 00:41:51,410 they've only been around for a few years 751 00:42:01,809 --> 00:41:55,579 now here's remember earlier I mentioned 752 00:42:05,590 --> 00:42:01,819 that you don't want to use solid rivets 753 00:42:09,280 --> 00:42:05,600 in the composite material 754 00:42:13,300 --> 00:42:09,290 fiberglass reinforced plastics this type 755 00:42:16,780 --> 00:42:13,310 of thing and all because it will start 756 00:42:19,480 --> 00:42:16,790 unraveling at the surfaces well here is 757 00:42:24,360 --> 00:42:19,490 one made specifically for composite 758 00:42:27,100 --> 00:42:24,370 materials it is a titanium lock bolt and 759 00:42:29,620 --> 00:42:27,110 instead of it has a hundred and thirty 760 00:42:31,030 --> 00:42:29,630 degree head on it because you don't want 761 00:42:34,990 --> 00:42:31,040 the counters thank you very much on them 762 00:42:36,720 --> 00:42:35,000 because you want to avoid the grinding 763 00:42:40,630 --> 00:42:36,730 on the surfaces as much as possible 764 00:42:44,890 --> 00:42:40,640 because of the reinforcing fibers so so 765 00:42:49,960 --> 00:42:44,900 this is a very flat big head that they 766 00:42:51,850 --> 00:42:49,970 have on them and that gives smaller 767 00:42:55,240 --> 00:42:51,860 contact stresses on the composite 768 00:42:59,970 --> 00:42:55,250 surfaces it's it's it's a tight fit but 769 00:43:04,630 --> 00:42:59,980 not an interference fit then they have a 770 00:43:10,450 --> 00:43:04,640 different type of serration on them that 771 00:43:14,140 --> 00:43:10,460 they have a 20 degree angle here instead 772 00:43:16,420 --> 00:43:14,150 at 20 and 40 rather than the 30 30 that 773 00:43:19,330 --> 00:43:16,430 you would normally have on a nut on the 774 00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:19,340 serrations to give you better holding 775 00:43:24,640 --> 00:43:22,010 power because now with this flatter 776 00:43:27,610 --> 00:43:24,650 angle here you can when you put the 777 00:43:29,770 --> 00:43:27,620 collar in place it's harder to pull it 778 00:43:32,110 --> 00:43:29,780 off because you're trying to pull 779 00:43:37,060 --> 00:43:32,120 against that angle when you install the 780 00:43:42,400 --> 00:43:37,070 thing and here is one of them installed 781 00:43:44,500 --> 00:43:42,410 and now see see notice that how odd this 782 00:43:46,780 --> 00:43:44,510 head looks because it's 130 degrees 783 00:43:48,400 --> 00:43:46,790 instead of 82 or 100 most of the 784 00:43:54,730 --> 00:43:48,410 aerospace stuff is 100 degree 785 00:43:56,800 --> 00:43:54,740 countersunk head and then see the it's a 786 00:43:58,450 --> 00:43:56,810 installed very similar to the rest of 787 00:44:02,230 --> 00:43:58,460 the lock bolts and stuff like that it's 788 00:44:04,030 --> 00:44:02,240 a color that is pushed in here you have 789 00:44:09,160 --> 00:44:04,040 a pole stem that breaks off when you've 790 00:44:15,640 --> 00:44:12,579 I believe monogrammed fasteners is the 791 00:44:17,400 --> 00:44:15,650 outfit that makes that one out of was 792 00:44:22,930 --> 00:44:17,410 there one of the companies out of 793 00:44:26,440 --> 00:44:22,940 California so general guidelines for 794 00:44:29,049 --> 00:44:26,450 selecting rivets and lock bolts don't 795 00:44:30,640 --> 00:44:29,059 use expanding rivets and composites as 796 00:44:33,280 --> 00:44:30,650 we've talked about here 797 00:44:34,930 --> 00:44:33,290 don't use 50:56 aluminum rivets and 798 00:44:38,339 --> 00:44:34,940 anything other than magnesium since the 799 00:44:41,980 --> 00:44:38,349 50:56 a stress corrosion sensitive a 800 00:44:43,960 --> 00:44:41,990 threaded lock bolt that's one of the 801 00:44:46,059 --> 00:44:43,970 ones that has the nut on it to actually 802 00:44:48,370 --> 00:44:46,069 threads on and then breaks off the outer 803 00:44:51,039 --> 00:44:48,380 portion of it can carry up to the 804 00:44:53,140 --> 00:44:51,049 tensile allowable of the shank but each 805 00:44:57,430 --> 00:44:53,150 design should be checked individually 806 00:45:00,460 --> 00:44:57,440 and since drilled fastener holes are not 807 00:45:03,940 --> 00:45:00,470 plated or coated it's necessary to use 808 00:45:07,809 --> 00:45:03,950 some type of sealant over the raw 809 00:45:09,730 --> 00:45:07,819 material surfaces to retire to prevent 810 00:45:14,049 --> 00:45:09,740 galvanic corrosion between the fastener 811 00:45:16,569 --> 00:45:14,059 in the joint material and of course you 812 00:45:20,589 --> 00:45:16,579 can find lots of information on joints 813 00:45:24,579 --> 00:45:20,599 and rivet allowables which were 814 00:45:26,680 --> 00:45:24,589 determined by tests and mill handbook 5 815 00:45:30,299 --> 00:45:26,690 I think it's chapter 9 the mill handbook 816 00:45:31,420 --> 00:45:30,309 5 has a all these joint allowables 817 00:45:36,160 --> 00:45:31,430 rivets 818 00:45:38,160 --> 00:45:36,170 they cover they give you a table of 819 00:45:42,789 --> 00:45:38,170 rivet in a given thickness of material 820 00:45:44,710 --> 00:45:42,799 how much it'll carry in here they even 821 00:45:46,359 --> 00:45:44,720 show the knife edge cut off so remember 822 00:45:48,760 --> 00:45:46,369 I talked about the knife edges yesterday 823 00:45:50,170 --> 00:45:48,770 to avoid they show where you cut it off 824 00:45:53,740 --> 00:45:50,180 to make sure you don't get knife edges 825 00:45:56,559 --> 00:45:53,750 and all that type of thing ribbon 826 00:46:00,880 --> 00:45:56,569 installations are covered by mil 827 00:46:05,020 --> 00:46:00,890 standard 403 some corrosion prevention 828 00:46:09,760 --> 00:46:05,030 methods are covered by these two mill 829 00:46:13,150 --> 00:46:09,770 specs design and selection requirements 830 00:46:16,990 --> 00:46:13,160 for blind structural rivets are given 831 00:46:19,990 --> 00:46:17,000 that ms 33 5 22 and testing of fasteners 832 00:46:22,540 --> 00:46:20,000 is covered in mil standard 13 12 that is 833 00:46:24,400 --> 00:46:22,550 a huge document which I will at 834 00:46:27,940 --> 00:46:24,410 the end somewhere along the line I have 835 00:46:30,310 --> 00:46:27,950 a listing of all the different tests 836 00:46:33,100 --> 00:46:30,320 that are covered in that document it's a 837 00:46:34,600 --> 00:46:33,110 whole three-ring notebook of standards 838 00:46:36,570 --> 00:46:34,610 for the different testings I think 30 839 00:46:41,020 --> 00:46:36,580 Sims sections or something like that 840 00:46:43,690 --> 00:46:41,030 then this Naas 5:23 gives ribbit codes 841 00:46:45,910 --> 00:46:43,700 and call-outs that's the one the covers 842 00:46:49,930 --> 00:46:45,920 I believe the little X with the 843 00:46:52,690 --> 00:46:49,940 different designations on it for how to 844 00:46:54,490 --> 00:46:52,700 call out a specific ribbit on a drawing 845 00:46:57,030 --> 00:46:54,500 whether it's counter something years I 846 00:47:00,370 --> 00:46:57,040 had person I'd know that business and 847 00:47:02,860 --> 00:47:00,380 then one of the other important things 848 00:47:04,930 --> 00:47:02,870 review the fastener manufacturers design 849 00:47:07,660 --> 00:47:04,940 criteria before incorporating his 850 00:47:10,270 --> 00:47:07,670 fasteners into your design and that's 851 00:47:15,430 --> 00:47:10,280 one of the things that day for Trek I 852 00:47:19,060 --> 00:47:15,440 found out call the manufacturer and find 853 00:47:22,060 --> 00:47:19,070 out what his fasteners sell for before 854 00:47:24,760 --> 00:47:22,070 you decide that you're going to use a 855 00:47:27,070 --> 00:47:24,770 few hundred of money or designed because 856 00:47:34,440 --> 00:47:27,080 they can get expensive particularly in 857 00:47:37,180 --> 00:47:34,450 small quantities now moving on to 858 00:47:41,020 --> 00:47:37,190 inspection and acceptance of fasteners 859 00:47:45,910 --> 00:47:41,030 this is one of the things that is not 860 00:47:48,910 --> 00:47:45,920 covered very well by most people because 861 00:47:54,100 --> 00:47:48,920 we can specify all the things that we 862 00:47:56,890 --> 00:47:54,110 want in fasteners and but when we get 863 00:48:01,150 --> 00:47:56,900 them we don't necessarily get what we 864 00:48:02,770 --> 00:48:01,160 ordered and the the criticality of the 865 00:48:05,500 --> 00:48:02,780 fastener design should determine how 866 00:48:07,800 --> 00:48:05,510 much inspection we have on it so we'll 867 00:48:15,660 --> 00:48:07,810 cover some of the inspection methods 868 00:48:19,720 --> 00:48:15,670 that are used now on ordinary fasteners 869 00:48:24,550 --> 00:48:19,730 bolts nuts and stuff like that we can 870 00:48:27,910 --> 00:48:24,560 use hardness testing as a that's a 871 00:48:31,750 --> 00:48:27,920 simple one you use 872 00:48:34,770 --> 00:48:31,760 Brunell tests for aluminum usually and 873 00:48:38,550 --> 00:48:34,780 rockwell for steel 874 00:48:41,280 --> 00:48:38,560 and the what what these in general do 875 00:48:43,470 --> 00:48:41,290 you have a little ball that gives you an 876 00:48:46,020 --> 00:48:43,480 indentation and the amount of 877 00:48:48,360 --> 00:48:46,030 indentation that you get is correlated 878 00:48:50,220 --> 00:48:48,370 to the hardness of the material and that 879 00:48:55,680 --> 00:48:50,230 in turn to the strength of the material 880 00:48:58,410 --> 00:48:55,690 so for example if you go to a table rock 881 00:49:02,760 --> 00:48:58,420 and see a great eight fastener is about 882 00:49:04,740 --> 00:49:02,770 a rock well thirty c-33 I believe and at 883 00:49:06,780 --> 00:49:04,750 least it gives you some indications and 884 00:49:08,880 --> 00:49:06,790 there that's an easy test to run because 885 00:49:12,060 --> 00:49:08,890 you have a little machine you just slap 886 00:49:17,490 --> 00:49:12,070 the thing in there run the test or at 887 00:49:22,040 --> 00:49:17,500 least a beginning test on it the Brinell 888 00:49:25,680 --> 00:49:22,050 is used for testing their aluminum stuff 889 00:49:28,770 --> 00:49:25,690 usually although Brunel and Rockwell can 890 00:49:31,320 --> 00:49:28,780 be correlated because Wilson company 891 00:49:34,140 --> 00:49:31,330 makes all this equipment and they put 892 00:49:37,290 --> 00:49:34,150 out tables that give you the correlation 893 00:49:39,420 --> 00:49:37,300 between them you also have a Rockwell B 894 00:49:41,630 --> 00:49:39,430 scale for medium hardness materials 895 00:49:45,450 --> 00:49:41,640 usually your your carbon Steel's are 896 00:49:49,950 --> 00:49:45,460 rated on the the B scale and then when 897 00:49:54,210 --> 00:49:49,960 you get up I think a a B 100 is 898 00:49:55,890 --> 00:49:54,220 equivalent to around a C 18 or 20 or 899 00:50:00,050 --> 00:49:55,900 something like that for the harder 900 00:50:03,090 --> 00:50:00,060 materials so if we go to the next figure 901 00:50:05,310 --> 00:50:03,100 here's a Brinell hardness tester and 902 00:50:07,290 --> 00:50:05,320 what you have is a little table that you 903 00:50:09,390 --> 00:50:07,300 put your sample on the ball is in the 904 00:50:11,430 --> 00:50:09,400 headgear and you actuate the thing this 905 00:50:13,800 --> 00:50:11,440 one this is an older one I think when 906 00:50:16,830 --> 00:50:13,810 you just use a handle to actuate it 907 00:50:18,560 --> 00:50:16,840 nowadays it probably on these they 908 00:50:23,340 --> 00:50:18,570 probably make them that if there are 909 00:50:27,180 --> 00:50:23,350 electronically actuated that one is for 910 00:50:29,570 --> 00:50:27,190 the aluminum and then here is the Iraq 911 00:50:31,920 --> 00:50:29,580 well this is one of the newer Rockwell 912 00:50:35,130 --> 00:50:31,930 models that got out of one of their 913 00:50:40,080 --> 00:50:35,140 catalogs or Wilson catalog same thing 914 00:50:44,340 --> 00:50:40,090 you have a headgear to put your sample 915 00:50:46,470 --> 00:50:44,350 on or platform and then you have the the 916 00:50:48,180 --> 00:50:46,480 ball as in this part of it you program 917 00:50:51,410 --> 00:50:48,190 the thing to give you 918 00:50:53,430 --> 00:50:51,420 given amount of load and it measures the 919 00:50:55,470 --> 00:50:53,440 indentation and gives you a reading 920 00:50:58,849 --> 00:50:55,480 which you can use with the table to 921 00:51:05,579 --> 00:51:03,510 this mil standard 1312 de 6 gives a 922 00:51:07,200 --> 00:51:05,589 standard pest method and specifies the 923 00:51:08,760 --> 00:51:07,210 apparatus to be used for hardness 924 00:51:13,440 --> 00:51:08,770 testing and all types of structural 925 00:51:17,069 --> 00:51:13,450 fasteners now the the B scale this is 926 00:51:19,109 --> 00:51:17,079 the the size diameter ball and the the 927 00:51:22,349 --> 00:51:19,119 load you to use with it and then the C 928 00:51:24,630 --> 00:51:22,359 has has its own diameter and and the 929 00:51:27,480 --> 00:51:24,640 load and here's another one a Rockwell 930 00:51:30,410 --> 00:51:27,490 superficial hardness tester except the 931 00:51:33,779 --> 00:51:30,420 indentation is smaller and then new and 932 00:51:35,069 --> 00:51:33,789 Vickers micro hardness testers some of 933 00:51:36,359 --> 00:51:35,079 these they have them small enough that 934 00:51:38,579 --> 00:51:36,369 you can actually take them out on the 935 00:51:43,049 --> 00:51:38,589 job and test your parts without having 936 00:51:45,329 --> 00:51:43,059 to pull them out and take take them into 937 00:51:50,819 --> 00:51:45,339 the shop you may metallurgical lab to 938 00:51:52,559 --> 00:51:50,829 get them checked now for fastener 939 00:51:54,960 --> 00:51:52,569 hardness testing one of the problems you 940 00:51:57,990 --> 00:51:54,970 run into of course is how do you get an 941 00:52:01,650 --> 00:51:58,000 accurate reading and if you have cold 942 00:52:03,930 --> 00:52:01,660 work the fastener and farming it if you 943 00:52:06,870 --> 00:52:03,940 take a reading on the outside someplace 944 00:52:11,250 --> 00:52:06,880 it may not necessarily be the proper 945 00:52:17,339 --> 00:52:11,260 strength so to get accurate readings you 946 00:52:22,049 --> 00:52:17,349 need to get core hardness so you can you 947 00:52:24,329 --> 00:52:22,059 can take a machine it down and get two 948 00:52:27,870 --> 00:52:24,339 flat parallel surfaces and use one of 949 00:52:29,190 --> 00:52:27,880 them for hardness testing and the other 950 00:52:31,289 --> 00:52:29,200 thing you could do if you have small 951 00:52:35,640 --> 00:52:31,299 fasteners that you can't do that with 952 00:52:37,650 --> 00:52:35,650 then you can mount them and the these 953 00:52:40,140 --> 00:52:37,660 metallurgical people can put them in a 954 00:52:45,870 --> 00:52:40,150 nice little thermoplastic type setting 955 00:52:48,539 --> 00:52:45,880 that you can then put it on the platform 956 00:52:51,120 --> 00:52:48,549 and get hardness testing and the the 957 00:52:55,049 --> 00:52:51,130 beauty of that is since you can't get 958 00:52:57,799 --> 00:52:55,059 through hardening in a fastener and a 959 00:53:01,560 --> 00:52:57,809 lot of materials above about 960 00:53:04,890 --> 00:53:01,570 three-quarter inch diameter so you need 961 00:53:07,350 --> 00:53:04,900 to take both hardness readings close to 962 00:53:10,140 --> 00:53:07,360 the threads and at the core to see 963 00:53:14,730 --> 00:53:10,150 whether you're getting the true strength 964 00:53:18,060 --> 00:53:14,740 indication for the fastener so sew on 965 00:53:21,750 --> 00:53:18,070 the little ones this is a zero door 966 00:53:25,950 --> 00:53:21,760 number five so that's 60 to 60 967 00:53:28,470 --> 00:53:25,960 thousandths to 1/8 diameter and in same 968 00:53:31,320 --> 00:53:28,480 thing for rivets you can set those and 969 00:53:34,290 --> 00:53:31,330 then on larger ones you can get there is 970 00:53:36,210 --> 00:53:34,300 a way of measuring the shank if it's not 971 00:53:39,030 --> 00:53:36,220 cowork too much that you can get a 972 00:53:41,910 --> 00:53:39,040 ballpark tape reading if the thing is 973 00:53:43,530 --> 00:53:41,920 big enough but this is not a very 974 00:53:46,290 --> 00:53:43,540 accurate reading it's only if you're 975 00:53:50,520 --> 00:53:46,300 looking something just a general type 976 00:53:52,320 --> 00:53:50,530 reading now tensile testing this is 977 00:53:54,180 --> 00:53:52,330 something of course you can do and that 978 00:53:56,820 --> 00:53:54,190 they do a little bit of that around here 979 00:54:00,540 --> 00:53:56,830 curl Bergquist is the guy that does it 980 00:54:04,740 --> 00:54:00,550 on taking a few samples out of the greed 981 00:54:07,590 --> 00:54:04,750 eights and socket head cap screws and 982 00:54:13,770 --> 00:54:07,600 pulling them just to see what they are 983 00:54:16,440 --> 00:54:13,780 good for so in general you take a few 984 00:54:19,920 --> 00:54:16,450 out run them if any of them fails you 985 00:54:22,110 --> 00:54:19,930 reject the light and what you do is you 986 00:54:25,590 --> 00:54:22,120 use a regular tensile testing machine 987 00:54:28,230 --> 00:54:25,600 that has large enough fixtures that you 988 00:54:30,150 --> 00:54:28,240 get essentially no deformation from the 989 00:54:32,160 --> 00:54:30,160 fixtures themselves because you want all 990 00:54:34,650 --> 00:54:32,170 the deformation to be in the fastener 991 00:54:40,850 --> 00:54:34,660 that way you can even measure the yield 992 00:54:49,260 --> 00:54:44,340 here's another test that can be used and 993 00:54:53,790 --> 00:54:49,270 of course counterfeit fasteners most of 994 00:54:58,380 --> 00:54:53,800 the time are made by cheating on the 995 00:55:01,680 --> 00:54:58,390 carbon content in order to heat treat a 996 00:55:04,680 --> 00:55:01,690 fastener and and we have in the 997 00:55:06,810 --> 00:55:04,690 specifications for a alloy steel 998 00:55:10,410 --> 00:55:06,820 fastener it has to be a minimum of 28 999 00:55:12,660 --> 00:55:10,420 points of carbon in order to get heat 1000 00:55:14,130 --> 00:55:12,670 treating and usually you use them up 1001 00:55:18,829 --> 00:55:14,140 around 40 1002 00:55:21,059 --> 00:55:18,839 so the counterfeiters can add boron 1003 00:55:22,859 --> 00:55:21,069 increases the harden ability of steel 1004 00:55:25,710 --> 00:55:22,869 and boron is cheap and you don't need 1005 00:55:28,680 --> 00:55:25,720 very much of it to add so you can take 1006 00:55:30,319 --> 00:55:28,690 1020 steel and add little boron to it 1007 00:55:33,620 --> 00:55:30,329 and heat-treated 1008 00:55:36,569 --> 00:55:33,630 so one of the tests that is used on 1009 00:55:40,519 --> 00:55:36,579 acceptance of alloy steel fasteners is a 1010 00:55:44,009 --> 00:55:40,529 carbon content test and there's 1011 00:55:46,410 --> 00:55:44,019 different ways of doing it one of the 1012 00:55:47,670 --> 00:55:46,420 company that I believe makes the 1013 00:55:52,049 --> 00:55:47,680 equipment that we have around here is 1014 00:55:56,640 --> 00:55:52,059 called Li CO and what you have is some 1015 00:56:02,609 --> 00:55:56,650 type of a furnace in which you it's even 1016 00:56:07,440 --> 00:56:02,619 either an induction or high-frequency 1017 00:56:09,390 --> 00:56:07,450 type a resistance type furnaces and you 1018 00:56:11,609 --> 00:56:09,400 take a little chunk of this stuff and 1019 00:56:14,579 --> 00:56:11,619 put enough oxygen in with it that you 1020 00:56:17,519 --> 00:56:14,589 can burn it and then you have different 1021 00:56:19,859 --> 00:56:17,529 ways of measuring by getting the carbon 1022 00:56:22,890 --> 00:56:19,869 dioxide from the combustion you can 1023 00:56:26,190 --> 00:56:22,900 measure it and get the carbon content 1024 00:56:28,230 --> 00:56:26,200 out of your sample so I'll kind of go 1025 00:56:33,749 --> 00:56:28,240 into this and a little bit more detail 1026 00:56:35,430 --> 00:56:33,759 here for a couple minutes yet it's high 1027 00:56:37,499 --> 00:56:35,440 temperature combustion and you have two 1028 00:56:40,259 --> 00:56:37,509 types of furnaces a high frequency and 1029 00:56:42,809 --> 00:56:40,269 resistance high temperature and you use 1030 00:56:45,269 --> 00:56:42,819 two different methods of carbon sulfur 1031 00:56:46,769 --> 00:56:45,279 detection infrared absorption and 1032 00:56:48,680 --> 00:56:46,779 thermal conductivity are the two 1033 00:56:53,759 --> 00:56:48,690 different methods that are used for it 1034 00:56:56,609 --> 00:56:53,769 the the test theory of course is to 1035 00:56:59,029 --> 00:56:56,619 determine the content of carbon and 1036 00:57:06,720 --> 00:56:59,039 sulfur and you can separate them out and 1037 00:57:08,460 --> 00:57:06,730 find out which is which and the so that 1038 00:57:11,339 --> 00:57:08,470 you get carbon dioxide and sulfur 1039 00:57:13,019 --> 00:57:11,349 dioxide and so with this furnace you 1040 00:57:14,579 --> 00:57:13,029 take it you have to take it up to a 1041 00:57:16,920 --> 00:57:14,589 pretty high temperature even with the 1042 00:57:18,599 --> 00:57:16,930 oxygen to burn the carbon off of the 1043 00:57:22,260 --> 00:57:18,609 steel because steel doesn't burn very 1044 00:57:29,290 --> 00:57:25,270 the other oxide compounds that you get 1045 00:57:32,650 --> 00:57:29,300 during this combustion you can siphon 1046 00:57:34,510 --> 00:57:32,660 them off and get them out and you also 1047 00:57:38,230 --> 00:57:34,520 remove the moisture with some sort of a 1048 00:57:41,410 --> 00:57:38,240 diskant such as Herald even put in there 1049 00:57:45,310 --> 00:57:41,420 what to use magnesium perchlorate Carol 1050 00:57:49,510 --> 00:57:45,320 Casper helped me on coming up with all 1051 00:57:51,910 --> 00:57:49,520 of this stuff the samples here's one of 1052 00:57:56,920 --> 00:57:51,920 the important thing you have to make 1053 00:57:59,740 --> 00:57:56,930 sure that you know exactly how much 1054 00:58:02,740 --> 00:57:59,750 weight you have in your sample in order 1055 00:58:07,000 --> 00:58:02,750 to do the testing because what you're 1056 00:58:11,470 --> 00:58:07,010 looking at is the carbon per late in it 1057 00:58:13,840 --> 00:58:11,480 and since it's such a small amount the 1058 00:58:17,710 --> 00:58:13,850 the weight of the sample has to be 1059 00:58:20,200 --> 00:58:17,720 accurate the limitations on it also the 1060 00:58:22,200 --> 00:58:20,210 specimens must be homogeneous in other 1061 00:58:25,180 --> 00:58:22,210 words if you spoke of the 1062 00:58:28,180 --> 00:58:25,190 decarburization if you had say heavy 1063 00:58:31,960 --> 00:58:28,190 content of carbon in the surface of the 1064 00:58:34,030 --> 00:58:31,970 thing due to the way it was heat treated 1065 00:58:35,530 --> 00:58:34,040 then you would get an erroneous reading 1066 00:58:39,010 --> 00:58:35,540 it would show that it had a higher 1067 00:58:42,480 --> 00:58:39,020 carbon content then it really had 1068 00:58:44,920 --> 00:58:42,490 throughout graphite bearing specimens 1069 00:58:46,780 --> 00:58:44,930 you have trouble with in other words you 1070 00:58:48,940 --> 00:58:46,790 can't have graphite on the outside for 1071 00:58:57,970 --> 00:58:48,950 the lubricant and of course the method 1072 00:59:00,010 --> 00:58:57,980 is destructive so getting a sample and 1073 00:59:01,200 --> 00:59:00,020 weighing it is a fairly short thing and 1074 00:59:05,110 --> 00:59:01,210 then you have the high frequency 1075 00:59:11,640 --> 00:59:05,120 furnaces that to use is it actually has 1076 00:59:15,190 --> 00:59:11,650 a coil a heating coil on it and you have 1077 00:59:18,880 --> 00:59:15,200 a a ceramic crucible that holds the 1078 00:59:21,190 --> 00:59:18,890 sample and you heat it up and cook it 1079 00:59:26,530 --> 00:59:21,200 out and here's one of them on the next